.
Back to civization...
I have not understand what the interst is towards sex alleles and towards diploid drones. But I found an article from the year 2013, which tells what is the idea in this.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131031090344.htm
A worker bee has two chromosomes in fertilization, and a larva will born as female worker.
If two genes in each 2 chromosome are too close or same, the fertilized egg will hatch as diploid drone. Bees eate the new larva very quickly. And you will not see that buck.
That means that the colony loose eggs in inbreeding. Interesting thing , but what then. What does it means to hive yard, not only sex gene .
But lets look the old genetics,
what humankind have known thousands of years:if animals are too close relatives, their descendant may be dead, sick and what ever. Most of human fault embryos will die before birth. About 30% out of human fertilized eggs of boy embryos will disappear in embryo stage.
Mutations are raw material of evolution. Mutations are alternative forms of genes. (allele).
All mutations are not usefull. They are often harmfull and mere functional errors. These things made inherit diseases and faults in invidual.
There are two genes, and if one gene works, the error gene does not harm indivuals life.
The bee has 10 000 genes, and now we talk about couple of sex genes. When two genes are too close in those two sex cromosomes, worker will become drone larva and bees destroy them. So will not see those dibloid drones.
BIG ISSUE IS INSEMINATION HARMS, not sex genes. It is same as problems in dog races, and in what ever domestic animals what we have.
How inbreeding problem appears, when we have two narrow genepool:
You may pick genes from another genepool, which make a colony resistant to
- nosema
- chalkbrood
- European faul brood
- empty holes too much in brood combs, what means that big larvae have disappeared.
- You can see too, how hybrid colonies are often biggest and most productive in your apiary-
- How eskimos picked genes directly from wild wolf, that they get stronger dogs. They got back too the genes of beast...
So, question is about too small apiary and the faults what a narrow genepool bring to bees. I have met these things in my apiary several times and and how to get rid of these faults is to buy new mated queens.
Sex gene thing is only 1/10000 malfunctions in genome.
But in England, when you have there 100 hives around you apiary, you have enough hybrid vigour around you.
.
