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Article from USA _ARS Baton Rouge Bee Lab
Varroa Sensitive Hygiene and Mite Reproduction
Last Updated: November 18, 2010
View as web page
The USDA-ARS Baton Rouge Bee Lab has bred bees that hygienically remove mite-infested pupae from capped worker brood. This ability is called varroa sensitive hygiene, and bees expressing high levels of this behavior are called VSH bees. To select for the VSH trait in your bees, also see Selecting for Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
Figure 1. Hygienic removal of a mite infested worker pupa by adult worker honey bees is an important mechanism of resistance to varroa mites. The removal involves several bees, and results in death of the mite offspring. The mother mite usually survives.
Figure 2 shows uncapped and chewed pupae. Uncapped worker pupae may have a raised rim, resembling drone brood, as seen below the chewed pupa.
VSH is an important mechanism of resistance to varroa mites. The best resistance is found in pure VSH bees. However, hybrid VSH bees (e.g. VSH queens open mated to non-resistant drones) also have significant resistance to varroa mites.
VSH is very similar or the same as hygienic behavior that honey bees use to combat American foulbrood, chalkbrood, and the eggs and larvae of wax moths and small hive beetles. All colonies probably have individuals that perform VSH, and we do not yet understand how our selective breeding has resulted in colonies with greatly improved performance. Hygiene is performed by nest cleaning bees aged 15-18 days old. Removal of a mite-infested pupae begins when an uncapper smells the infested brood and chews a pinhole through the cell cap. Subsequently, removers enlarge the hole and either eat the infested pupa or pull it from the brood cell (Fig. 1).
VSH bees do not respond to all mite-infested pupae with equal intensity (Fig. 3). They are more likely to remove mite-infested pupae that are not pigmented or only lightly pigmented (stages 2–4) than prepupae (stage 1) or more darkly pigmented pupae (stages 5-8). Additionally, they are much less hygienic towards mite-infested drone brood than worker brood. Reasons for these trends are unclear.
Fig. 3. Some factors that influence the degree of varroa sensitive hygiene in colonies of bees include age and genetics of worker bees, age and type of brood, and infestation level of mites in capped brood. .
Removal of mite-infested brood is probably triggered by unusual odors that penetrate the cell cap to the outside where hygienic bees patrol the comb surface. We have observed that VSH bees respond vigorously to highly infested brood (e.g. 15–25 mites per 100 capped cells) that is transferred into the colony (Fig. 4). They uncap and remove many mite-infested pupae quickly. They respond with much less intensity to brood with low infestation rates (1–5 mites per 100 capped cells), probably because the chemical signals that trigger removal are less concentrated and harder to detect.
Figure 4. Comparison of mite-infested brood that had been exposed to VSH bees or controls for 24 hours. Uncapped pupae appear as white dots in this photo.
More characteristics of VSH bees
Figure 5. Often infertile mites from VSH colonies will defecate on the host pupa and not just on the cell wall, as seen here.
Figure 6. Sometimes mites from VSH colonies will die in this manner. They are found sandwiched between the cell wall and the cocoon which was spun by the current host bee as it prepared to pupate. We think this suggests that the mite was too weak to awake from the brood food as the last instar larvae finished eating prior to the molt. Perhaps the mite was already dead, or just too weak to escape the placement of the cocoon over it by the spinning larva.
Fig. 7. Pie charts showing the proportion of mites that are reproductive in VSH and control colonies.
Figure 8. Cell caps from normal (upper right) and recapped (lower two) brood cells. The three cell caps have been removed and flipped over.
Another characteristic of VSH bees is a reduced fertility of mites, when compared to non-VSH bees. In a colony, mite fertility is reduced several weeks after introduction of VSH queens into non-selected colonies. This led to the original name of the trait, Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR). This name describes the trait (or traits) selected in the experimental population of bees. The name of the trait was later replaced by Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH). This is due to the finding that the primary mechanism of the trait is the removal of infested pupae from capped brood cells.
The VSH bees shown in Fig. 7 have about 30% reproductive mites (a normal family capable of producing a mature daughter). About 55% are infertile or non-laying mites (blue slice), and there are mites that die without producing offspring (red slice). There are also mites that produce a family, but their daughters do not mature before the bee emerges (yellow slice). These are fertile because they laid some eggs, but they are also considered non-reproductive because they will not produce even 1 mature daughter.
Sometimes, uncapped cells are recapped. VSH bees will exhibit this recapping more then non-hygienic bees , as seen in the following data (Villa et al 2010)
• Recapped cells (%)
o VSH: 38 ± 0.3 a
o Hybrid: 19 ± 0.8 ab
o Control: 17 ± 0.3 b
It is possible that uncapping and recapping interferes with mite reproduction. Caps from normal and recapped brood cells can look alike when viewed from outside (as when you look at a brood comb, see Fig. 8). However, when the caps are gently removed and flipped over the silk lining of the cap becomes visible. In normally capped cells (upper right Fig. 8) the silk lines the entire inner surface of the cap. The recapped cells on the bottom row (Fig. 8) show granular wax without a silk lining where holes that were used by hygienic bees to inspect cells are repaired by nest bees. The holes can vary in diameter from pinholes to the size of the entire cap.
________________________________________
________________________________________
• also see Selecting for Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
• Page authors: Jeffrey Harris, Robert Danka and José Villa, USDA-ARS
________________________________________
go to for images http://www.extension.org/pages/Varroa_Sensitive_Hygiene_and_Mite_Reproduction
Varroa Sensitive Hygiene and Mite Reproduction
Last Updated: November 18, 2010
View as web page
The USDA-ARS Baton Rouge Bee Lab has bred bees that hygienically remove mite-infested pupae from capped worker brood. This ability is called varroa sensitive hygiene, and bees expressing high levels of this behavior are called VSH bees. To select for the VSH trait in your bees, also see Selecting for Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
Figure 1. Hygienic removal of a mite infested worker pupa by adult worker honey bees is an important mechanism of resistance to varroa mites. The removal involves several bees, and results in death of the mite offspring. The mother mite usually survives.
Figure 2 shows uncapped and chewed pupae. Uncapped worker pupae may have a raised rim, resembling drone brood, as seen below the chewed pupa.
VSH is an important mechanism of resistance to varroa mites. The best resistance is found in pure VSH bees. However, hybrid VSH bees (e.g. VSH queens open mated to non-resistant drones) also have significant resistance to varroa mites.
VSH is very similar or the same as hygienic behavior that honey bees use to combat American foulbrood, chalkbrood, and the eggs and larvae of wax moths and small hive beetles. All colonies probably have individuals that perform VSH, and we do not yet understand how our selective breeding has resulted in colonies with greatly improved performance. Hygiene is performed by nest cleaning bees aged 15-18 days old. Removal of a mite-infested pupae begins when an uncapper smells the infested brood and chews a pinhole through the cell cap. Subsequently, removers enlarge the hole and either eat the infested pupa or pull it from the brood cell (Fig. 1).
VSH bees do not respond to all mite-infested pupae with equal intensity (Fig. 3). They are more likely to remove mite-infested pupae that are not pigmented or only lightly pigmented (stages 2–4) than prepupae (stage 1) or more darkly pigmented pupae (stages 5-8). Additionally, they are much less hygienic towards mite-infested drone brood than worker brood. Reasons for these trends are unclear.
Fig. 3. Some factors that influence the degree of varroa sensitive hygiene in colonies of bees include age and genetics of worker bees, age and type of brood, and infestation level of mites in capped brood. .
Removal of mite-infested brood is probably triggered by unusual odors that penetrate the cell cap to the outside where hygienic bees patrol the comb surface. We have observed that VSH bees respond vigorously to highly infested brood (e.g. 15–25 mites per 100 capped cells) that is transferred into the colony (Fig. 4). They uncap and remove many mite-infested pupae quickly. They respond with much less intensity to brood with low infestation rates (1–5 mites per 100 capped cells), probably because the chemical signals that trigger removal are less concentrated and harder to detect.
Figure 4. Comparison of mite-infested brood that had been exposed to VSH bees or controls for 24 hours. Uncapped pupae appear as white dots in this photo.
More characteristics of VSH bees
Figure 5. Often infertile mites from VSH colonies will defecate on the host pupa and not just on the cell wall, as seen here.
Figure 6. Sometimes mites from VSH colonies will die in this manner. They are found sandwiched between the cell wall and the cocoon which was spun by the current host bee as it prepared to pupate. We think this suggests that the mite was too weak to awake from the brood food as the last instar larvae finished eating prior to the molt. Perhaps the mite was already dead, or just too weak to escape the placement of the cocoon over it by the spinning larva.
Fig. 7. Pie charts showing the proportion of mites that are reproductive in VSH and control colonies.
Figure 8. Cell caps from normal (upper right) and recapped (lower two) brood cells. The three cell caps have been removed and flipped over.
Another characteristic of VSH bees is a reduced fertility of mites, when compared to non-VSH bees. In a colony, mite fertility is reduced several weeks after introduction of VSH queens into non-selected colonies. This led to the original name of the trait, Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR). This name describes the trait (or traits) selected in the experimental population of bees. The name of the trait was later replaced by Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH). This is due to the finding that the primary mechanism of the trait is the removal of infested pupae from capped brood cells.
The VSH bees shown in Fig. 7 have about 30% reproductive mites (a normal family capable of producing a mature daughter). About 55% are infertile or non-laying mites (blue slice), and there are mites that die without producing offspring (red slice). There are also mites that produce a family, but their daughters do not mature before the bee emerges (yellow slice). These are fertile because they laid some eggs, but they are also considered non-reproductive because they will not produce even 1 mature daughter.
Sometimes, uncapped cells are recapped. VSH bees will exhibit this recapping more then non-hygienic bees , as seen in the following data (Villa et al 2010)
• Recapped cells (%)
o VSH: 38 ± 0.3 a
o Hybrid: 19 ± 0.8 ab
o Control: 17 ± 0.3 b
It is possible that uncapping and recapping interferes with mite reproduction. Caps from normal and recapped brood cells can look alike when viewed from outside (as when you look at a brood comb, see Fig. 8). However, when the caps are gently removed and flipped over the silk lining of the cap becomes visible. In normally capped cells (upper right Fig. 8) the silk lines the entire inner surface of the cap. The recapped cells on the bottom row (Fig. 8) show granular wax without a silk lining where holes that were used by hygienic bees to inspect cells are repaired by nest bees. The holes can vary in diameter from pinholes to the size of the entire cap.
________________________________________
________________________________________
• also see Selecting for Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
• Page authors: Jeffrey Harris, Robert Danka and José Villa, USDA-ARS
________________________________________
go to for images http://www.extension.org/pages/Varroa_Sensitive_Hygiene_and_Mite_Reproduction
