Come and put your questions direct to the Professor!
Some info. Francis Ratnieks sent me in advance of his talk in Llangadog Community Centre next Saturday, 14th May, 10am - 1pm:
Honey bees have many pests and diseases. When I started in beekeeping, as a PhD student at Cornell University in New York State, the big concern was American foulbrood. For 2 years I worked with the New York State Apiary Inspection Service doing research and outreach on this disease. AFB has not gone away but has been joined by new problems, such as varroa mites and the virus diseases it spreads.
Beekeepers put time and effort into learning about and controlling honey bee diseases. It would be more convenient if bees took care of their own diseases. This is not as far-fetched as it may seem. One natural defence, a form of colony public health, is hygienic behaviour. Hygienic workers uncap sealed cells containing a diseased or dead larva or pupa and remove the contents from the colony. In this way the disease is less likely to spread.
Hygienic behaviour is not something that worker bees learn. It is a genetically-controlled trait. Workers either do it or not, instinctively. No one knows why, but hygienic behaviour is not common even though it is a widespread natural trait and is found in British honey bees. In one study we checked 31 hives in Derbyshire. Only one was fully hygienic.
Although hygienic behaviour is not common, it is possible to increase it by breeding. That is, by rearing daughter queens from hygienic mother colonies. At LASI, we have been able to breed fully hygienic queens over a number of years using standard queen rearing methods.
Testing for hygienic behaviour
The key step in breeding for hygienic behaviour is determining which hives are hygienic. This is determined by the freeze-killed brood (FKB) removal test. We remove a frame of sealed brood from a hive, press 2 metal cylinders into it, and pour 300 ml of liquid nitrogen into each. This freezes, and so kills, the enclosed circles of brood. After a few minutes the liquid nitrogen has evaporated. The cylinders are then removed, a photograph is taken, and the frame replaced. Two days later the frame is removed again and a second photograph is taken. From the two photographs we determine the percentage of capped cells cleaned out.
We normally check each hive 3 or 4 times at intervals of 1-2 weeks. Colonies that remove 95% or more freeze-killed brood are considered fully hygienic. We now have colonies that that remove 100% of the dead brood within one day.
Results of LASI research on hygienic behaviour
Previous research done in the USA has shown that hygienic behaviour helps reduce American foulbrood, chalkbrood, and varroa, and that hygienic colonies produce as much honey. At LASI we have carried out further research on hygienic behaviour. Our results show that hygienic behaviour can play an important role in improving colony health and that it is practical to rear and use hygienic bees. Of most relevance to beekeepers are the following projects:
1. Hygienic colonies do not remove healthy brood by mistake. This gives beekeepers confidence that hygienic behaviour is not harmful to the colony.
2. Daughter queens reared from a fully-hygienic breeder queen and then allowed to open mate and lay eggs head colonies that average 95.5% FKB-removal. This shows that hygienic colonies can be produced using open-mated queens.
3. Over one year, varroa population growth within highly hygienic hives, >95% FKB-removal, was more than 50% lower than in less-hygienic colonies, <95% FKB-removal. In addition, colonies with medium to high levels of hygiene, >80% FKB-removal, had levels of deformed wing virus that were more than 1000 times lower than in less-hygienic colonies, <80% FKB-removal.
4. Hygienic behaviour can save the life of colonies with high levels of deformed wing virus. When colonies have high levels of deformed wing virus, worker bees with shrivelled wings are seen on the combs or crawling from the entrance. This symptom is a sign that the colony will likely die in the near future. We took 15 such colonies and divided them. Divisions requeened with a hygienic queen showed high survival, 11 of 15 colonies, over the next 15 months versus low survival, 2 of 15 in colonies requeened with a non-hygienic queen. Even intermediate levels of hygienic behaviour were of value in increasing colony survival