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Two years ago in spring my bees foraged for water in the plant pots in one neighbour’s garden and the hot tub in another neighbour’s garden – both neighbours could not believe how many dead bees they ended up with.

Last winter I put some net curtain over the little pond in my apiary. Large numbers of bees sucked water from the margin just above the water level. The result: the shortest possible foraging flights, few bees in the neighbours’ gardens and not that many dead bees at the pond!
 

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If you don't have a pond then a shallow trug half filled with moss and water does a treat especially in the sunshine
 
Unfortunately, as humans we can only think like humans and then we think we know a lot, when perhaps we know very little at all.
 
Bernhard Mobus was a great beekeeper with a good scientific mind He was the beekeeping advisor for scotland based at the College of Agriculture of the North of Scotland at Aberdeen. Sadly no longer with us. He made a lot of sense and could communicate his ideas to other beekeepers in a way that some could learn from.
 
Bernhard Mobus was a great beekeeper with a good scientific mind He was the beekeeping advisor for scotland based at the College of Agriculture of the North of Scotland at Aberdeen. Sadly no longer with us. He made a lot of sense and could communicate his ideas to other beekeepers in a way that some could learn from.

Its clear he made some great observations. After surveying many many papers on this subject I can say his understanding of heat transfer was no worse than many of his colleagues in the world of Apidology and entomology. E.E. Southwick from the papers I read had the best grasp. But even he made a basic mistake in measuring the conductance of honeycomb. He measured the conductance with the comb horizontal. This change of orientation would be considered invalid by any academic in thermal engineering. In fact the changes in heat transfer due the orientation of honeycombs (man made) are a subject for a number of engineering papers.

I could give you paper after paper by other authors that have such and worse flaws. Some these undermine some really good research results.

A classic example is Kraus, B., & Velthuis, H. H. W. (1997). where the statements about when and where you can find high humidity in an occupied cavity or hive consigned the work to being not mainstream for varroa research.

The most common fault is not measuring the conductance of the insulated hive when what you trying to see what the effect of the insulation is.

The next is putting holes in the insulation and the cavity. This introduces all sorts of variablilty in the heat loss.

I have learned to look very very closely at the experimental methods used by biology academics when they make physical heat transfer measurements and at the conclusions they draw.




Southwick, E. E. (1985). Thermal conductivity of wax comb and its effect on heat balance in colonial honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Experientia, 41(11), 1486–1487. article. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01950051

Kraus, B., & Velthuis, H. H. W. (1997). High humidity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) brood nest limits reproduction of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Naturwissenschaften, 84(5), 217–218. http://doi.org/10.1007/s001140050382
 
Bernard was indeed a very good beekeeper indeed and I was extremely lucky that he gave me a great deal of attention personally. Not to mention also a lot of his own equipment and some bees too.

He was printed in the ABJ and some of his work that I have managed to find is on my web site. His thoughts on wintering which were based on the research done by the team at Craibstone in the mid 50's. Bernard also conducted research into wintering using thermo couples to record temperatures in various parts of the hives.

Unfortunately NOSCA as it then was seems to not have even known what they had at Craibstone and I fear it was all dumped including the original slides of Acarine. The woodi part of the name refers to Mr Wood of Banchory who gave in the mid 20's the sum of £6000 to fund the research done at Craibstone which in turn was successful in identifying the culprit. I hate to think what that money would be in todays terms.

PH
 
Its clear he made some great observations. After surveyi

I have learned to look very very closely at the experimental methods used by biology academics when they make physical heat transfer measurements and at the conclusions they ]

Back to reality..... Our beekeepers' average age is 58 years. Try to teach something to them .

And most beekeepers have no goals.

They hate to earn extra money and get honey. Because they do not know how to do it.
 
Back to reality..... Our beekeepers' average age is 58 years. Try to teach something to them .

And most beekeepers have no goals.

They hate to earn extra money and get honey. Because they do not know how to do it.

Holiday in the south of France
 
£263,533.33 the inflation calculator site says so yes serious money to find out the problem. No wonder he got his name in there. :)

PH
 
£263,533.33 the inflation calculator site says so yes serious money to find out the problem. No wonder he got his name in there. :)

PH

That is about the cost calculated to undertake a 6 year part time Doctorate researching into Honeybee genetics..... plus fund your own housing and living expences!

Nos da
 
I think the only way to convince some people to come around to the idea of modern methods is to stick a hive in their garden and make sure they see you producing more honey than them. They'll soon adopt a modern setup, albeit after you've buggered off 😂
 
just to show that strange pronouncements are not the preserve of biologists here is one where an engineer doesn't seem to know the full engineering reality inside a honeybee nest

"We found that as a result of creep deformation the maximum out-of-plane shear strain in a fully laden fresh comb has reached 1.9% (Fig S1D); i.e. higher than the shear strain at the maximum load of the fresh comb (1.5%) at 45 °C (SI Text). Thus, a temperature increase inside the comb from 25 °C to 45 °C would result in the collapse of a fully laden fresh comb. That this does not actually happen is be- cause the comb walls are continuously reinforced by silk cocoons during its use. "

Zhang, K., Duan, H., Karihaloo, B. L., & Wang, J. (2010). Hierarchical, multilayered cell walls reinforced by recycled silk cocoons enhance the structural integrity of honeybee combs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(21), 9502–6. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912066107
 
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Interesting honey bees that maintain the brood nest at 45c

Why they do such when it ought to be 36 C.

I have measured myself, that when I disturbed winter cluster, the temperature
inside the cluster rose up to 42C.

After 6 hours temp was 35C and then after 24 hours it was 23C.

The heat of flying muscles of landing queen has been measured to be 42C. It has been measured with infrared camera.

Out temp was -10C.
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this obviously is talking about the honey area above the brood. To get brood area to be 34 the space above it will be at a higher temperature...and lower humidity
 
this obviously is talking about the honey area above the brood. To get brood area to be 34 the space above it will be at a higher temperature...and lower humidity

You mean my measuring? I push the digital thermometre in the middle of cluster via upper entrance in front Wall.

When the colony is alarmed, it expands to the whole box. Thermometre was in the middle of box.

Humidity means nothing in such few hours happening.

IT was December and no brood existed. 23C cluster tells it.
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