but add in the lack of forage during the last 'summer' and autumn
Ruary
Ruary is right about nutrition
it is hard to understand nutrition issues of bees, it has known since 1953 when Austrian professor De Groot published his pollen researches. Very few understand what means "amino acids".
http://www.honeybee.com.au/Library/pollen/nutrition.html
Since then it has been known, that the better the protein content of bee, the better it stand long winter stresses.
There is quality differencies in pollen too. US vanishing bees tells, that multifloral pollen is important. It is not only "much pollen". One pollen type is not enough to keep colonies in condition.
The fact is that larva feeder bees die before winter. If they do brood along winter, the bees may live but their nutrition is very poor.
Your habit in UK all the winter encourages brooding and they are short of pollen then. Bees are really in bad condition if they are born in the middle of winter.
I can see in your beekeeping styles big mistakes, because you have not real winter. Bees are active and they burn them selves to fginish. It has been too easy to keep bees in UK. Even bad quality bees stocks survive there. NZ bees die all in Finland.
I can tell what ever to you, and you do not mind because UK does not need other countries' knowledge.
You should learn much things but you are too proup to learn anything.
That is the biggest problem in UK. And you have not your own beekeeping reseach there. Very few country has.
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