Hi John,
I am relatively new too, but I have have read a lot, studied a lot and joined the local Beekeeping association and "stole" a lot of their knowledge. If I understand you correctly:
You have 2 hives (which I shall discuss separately):
#1: "Langstroth, 8 Frame"
1. Has "Full complement" of bees (9 "Seams", a "Seam" being like a coal seam, full of bees between the frames.
2. You have added a "Thin super" (if it is less than the height of a standard Langstroth Super, ~140mm, I would call this an "eke"). [It would help to know the exact height of this "Eke"]
3. I assume that the rest of this hive is "Standard" (Base, Crown Board and Roof).
Working on this basis, I would suggest that you acquire a "Rapid Feeder", any of the "Good Suppliers" (Thornes, Simon the Beekeeper, Maisemore and there are many more) and a 12.5 litre container of "Ambrosia" (your local association will have this for ~£15) and the feeders are very cheap (less than a fiver). You can then put the crown board directly on the hive brood box, the feeder over the "hole" the "Eke" around this and the roof on that.
In this way you can then feed the colony without disturbing it (the less disturbance the better).
If you join your local association someone will probably come and get you through that "first step" which will probably give that colony a good chance of progressing. If not we will have to help you from here
(I do understand the desire to "do it yourself", but sometimes real help is the only option)
Because time is of the essence I am going to suggest that you go on you tube and watch some "Basic videos", Stuart of "The Norfolk Honey Company" has a series posted and "Vino Farm" has a whole set (also a new beekeeper last 2 years) which takes you through the whole set of his mistakes and lessons and he did exactly what you have done, adopted 2 hives
Those videos will show you how to handle that hive/colony and you can watch them in an evening and know what to do.
Do please bear in mind that there are thousands of videos, and you need to take the good bits from the "entertainment", not all suggestions will suit you, but some will.
Now, #2 National
1. Has only 4 frames (5 seams) of active bees.
So this really is your "Problem" hive.
Actually you have a "Nucleus" of bees in there.
I am going to suggest that you buy a good "Polynuc", this is going to cost you about £40. The one I bought happens to be a "Maisemore", but from what I can see there are about 6 good types out there.
The good thing about this design is that it comes with a "Miller Feeder", which has the important advantage (in my view) that you can feed the "Ambrosia" without disturbing the bees at all. It is this "Sugar Syrup" they will need most urgently at this time of year.
My nuc is a "6 frame" which will enable you to transfer your frames straight from your National into the Nuc. The "Polynuc" will be much better insulated than your full size hive (Which I assume is wood).
This reduction of space is very important for your small colony. They have to "Heat the whole box", if you leave them in a large box they will expend a lot of energy heating space they cannot use.
Now, about pollen gathering.
You have question hidden in your scribings: "Why does hive #1 bring pollen and hive #2 doesn't".
I investigated this with my Nuc over the summer.
IF if feed them with Ambrosia, then bring mostly pollen
IF the Ambrosia runs out, they don't.
My conclusion is that if "Sugar Syrup" is available in the Miller feeder, they fetch that as "Nectar", the bees work out that they have enough "Nectar" for their needs and the foragers switch to "Pollen" as a priority.
Mine were bringing a lot of pollen today
I mean loads.
I think (guess) that your #1 has built up stores of honey for the winter, you will know that from observing the frames and so is free to get pollen.
Hive #2 on the other hand is short of stores (Honey) and knows it, so they are desperately trying to bring nectar at the expense of pollen.
I have one question: "Do you have a supply of electricity near the hives?"
John, I hope that helps
If not ask more questions and I am sure someone here will offer good advice (I don't know your budget, so I don't know if you can afford a Polynuc, but I think one would give your bees a better chance, if it's "out of the question", I have a different set of suggestions)
K