BUT it seems it was!
Yeghes da[/
Sorry but there is no evidence to support this statement currently. and not terribly helpful
Bee diseases can catch even the experienced out!
I treat for Varroa with Apiguard, and follow with 2;1 Autumn feed laced with Thymol ( search Hivemaker's Recipe) This medication can guard against Nosema
Small colonies going into winter can fail to make it through for numerous reasons.
If I get a "dead out" I remove all the frames and put them through the wax steamer ( removes valuable wax and steralises frames)
Wooden broods, floors crownboards are flamed and or soaked in a steralising solution ( Lye) washing soda or caustic soda ( Nasty stuff wear protection)
then soaked in 5% bleach ( thick) solution ,,, this will do for pollu hives as well.
I am pleased to see you are taking note and action in bio security... you seem to be on the right track
May you have a good beekeeping season.
Yeghes da