Hi TTLTB,
Thanks for submitting the study. Yep, I have done direct introduction of queen after leaving made up nuc -Q for 24 hrs. I watched her being accepted in my queen marking tube and let her out after 30 seconds. No smoke or spray.
However, in uniting the now -Q colony with a +Q colony they made emergency QC and did not bother to unite? So, I sprayed with sugar water and layered the frames after removing all the QCs. I have also found that if you put a frame of eggs into a colony which you have made -Q they only make eggs from that frame if they are hopelessly -Q preferring their own eggs. Exceptions to the rule?