Hi Hivemaker,
To detect Nosema in a colony of bees is as follows;
Collect at least 30 bees that have done their stint as house bees. Then cut the abdomens off and place in a mortar for pounding. Once at least 30 abdomens are ready then use the pestal to mash up the abdomens into a paste. There might be a need to add a couple of drops of water just to give a slight runny consistency.
Push the solid debris to one side and there should be a brown liquid left at the bottom of the mortar. Have a clean microscopy slide ready with a cover slip, and place a couple of drops of the brown mush onto the slide. Cover with a cover slip. Place the slide on the stage of a compound microscope and view at X400. What you should see is pollen husks, plumrose hair, malpighian tubules and trachea.
If there are Nosema spores then they will look like small grains of rice.
To answer the question;
can nosema be found to some degree in all bee's.
No. I have tested my bees this autumn and did not find any spores in the mashed 30 abdomens.
Hope this is of some help.
Regards; Bcrazy